By the end of June each year, after it's reviewed and signed by the Auditor General of Alberta, we publish an annual report on the Plan which includes audited financial statements of the previous year's activities. The Highlights and Management Discussion and Analysis (MD&A) which follow are updated to the newest report by the end of each July.
Previous annual reports can be found below through the blue dropdown button. Note: The 2021 Annual Report in the dropdown will be updated to include the MD&A (after approval by the Auditor General) that was previously only available on this page.
Annual Reports
By the end of June each year, after it's reviewed and signed by the Auditor General of Alberta, we publish an annual report on the Plan which includes audited financial statements of the previous year's activities. The Highlights and Management Discussion and Analysis (MD&A) which follow are updated to the newest report by the end of each July.
Previous annual reports can be found below through the blue dropdown button. Note: The 2021 Annual Report in the dropdown will be updated to include the MD&A (after approval by the Auditor General) that was previously only available on this page.
Message from the Board Chair
2023 was a year of change, transition, and growth both for LAPP Corporation and for our members and employers.
Message from the Board Chair
2023 was a year of change, transition, and growth both for LAPP Corporation and for our members and employers.
Financially, 2023 was a successful year for LAPP. The year began with a great deal of uncertainty, as high inflation and the potential for significant economic slowdowns in the world’s major economies kept expectations modest. However, despite a volatile path at times, our overall investment performance was ultimately positive with our Fund growing to $63.3 billion.
Also, we were pleased to announce that on January 1, 2024, the Sponsor Board would be providing a 100% one-time Cost-of-Living Adjustment (COLA) to our retired and deferred members. In this difficult economic environment, we know how important it is to help our retirees keep pace with rising prices.
In addition, the Sponsor Board approved a decrease for employers and members to all contributions paid on pensionable earnings above the Year’s Maximum Pensionable Earnings (YMPE), freeing up more money for our members and employers. This was the fifth time in seven years that LAPP’s contribution rates have been reduced.
The LAPP Corporation Board of Directors was also pleased to announce the appointment of Troy Mann as President and CEO effective June 19. Troy has over two decades of pension industry experience including leading through plan design, governance, and organizational change. The Board is looking forward to working with Troy for many years to come.
On behalf of the Board, I would like to also thank Darcy Atkinson, LAPP’s Vice President of Finance and Risk, for his leadership and commitment as the Interim President and CEO for the first half of the year.
To our many stakeholders, including our valued members and employers, thank you for your trust in LAPP. We are honoured to provide retirement peace of mind to hundreds of thousands of Albertans through a guaranteed, secure retirement income for life.
Terry Agoto Chair, Board of Directors LAPP Corporation
Message from the Board Chair
2023 was a year of change, transition, and growth both for LAPP Corporation and for our members and employers.
Message from the Board Chair
2023 was a year of change, transition, and growth both for LAPP Corporation and for our members and employers.
Financially, 2023 was a successful year for LAPP. The year began with a great deal of uncertainty, as high inflation and the potential for significant economic slowdowns in the world’s major economies kept expectations modest. However, despite a volatile path at times, our overall investment performance was ultimately positive with our Fund growing to $63.3 billion.
Also, we were pleased to announce that on January 1, 2024, the Sponsor Board would be providing a 100% one-time Cost-of-Living Adjustment (COLA) to our retired and deferred members. In this difficult economic environment, we know how important it is to help our retirees keep pace with rising prices.
In addition, the Sponsor Board approved a decrease for employers and members to all contributions paid on pensionable earnings above the Year’s Maximum Pensionable Earnings (YMPE), freeing up more money for our members and employers. This was the fifth time in seven years that LAPP’s contribution rates have been reduced.
The LAPP Corporation Board of Directors was also pleased to announce the appointment of Troy Mann as President and CEO effective June 19. Troy has over two decades of pension industry experience including leading through plan design, governance, and organizational change. The Board is looking forward to working with Troy for many years to come.
On behalf of the Board, I would like to also thank Darcy Atkinson, LAPP’s Vice President of Finance and Risk, for his leadership and commitment as the Interim President and CEO for the first half of the year.
To our many stakeholders, including our valued members and employers, thank you for your trust in LAPP. We are honoured to provide retirement peace of mind to hundreds of thousands of Albertans through a guaranteed, secure retirement income for life.
Terry Agoto Chair, Board of Directors LAPP Corporation
Message from the CEO
It is an honour to write to you today as I reflect on my first year as President and CEO of LAPP Corporation. Since my first day, I have been grateful to know I am a part of an incredible pension plan that serves over 300,000 Albertans and provides them with a secure retirement income for life.
Message from the CEO
It is an honour to write to you today as I reflect on my first year as President and CEO of LAPP Corporation. Since my first day, I have been grateful to know I am a part of an incredible pension plan that serves over 300,000 Albertans and provides them with a secure retirement income for life.
It is also rewarding that in 2023 we were able to celebrate many successes for our members and employers. In a year of considerable economic uncertainty as a result of persistent inflation and slowing global growth, LAPP delivered a solid performance.
The LAPP Fund generated a positive return of 7.6% which saw our fund grow to $63.3 billion at the end of 2023. The December 31, 2022, funding valuation was completed and filed with the regulatory authorities in 2023, which revealed that LAPP’s funded ratio remains healthy at 112%. In other words, the Plan has $1.12 in assets for every $1.00 that is owed in pensions. This is one of the most important indicators of the Plan’s overall financial health and ability to pay pensions, today and in the future.
As we look forward, it is interesting to know that across Canada, there are now more people over the age of 65 than under the age of 14, and, by 2030, one in five people in Canada will be over the age of 65.
Also, it is shocking to know that, according to one survey, 32% of working Canadians have never set aside any money for retirement, which further fuels the belief and concerns about an emerging retirement income crisis.
With that in mind, in 2023 we continued to focus on opportunities to provide pensions to more Albertans and to aid employers — who were still rebounding from the pandemic — with information and tools to attract and retain employees. Last year we welcomed over 18,000 new members and seven new employers into LAPP. Currently 1 in 12 Albertan adults are LAPP members.
As we see the population demographic shift, LAPP Corporation will continue to focus on providing pensions to a growing number of Albertans, an endeavour that we believe will see success by increasing pension plan coverage to more employees, offering them peace of mind and an easy way to save for tomorrow so they can focus on today.
Troy Mann President and Chief Executive Officer LAPP Corporation
Message from the CEO
It is an honour to write to you today as I reflect on my first year as President and CEO of LAPP Corporation. Since my first day, I have been grateful to know I am a part of an incredible pension plan that serves over 300,000 Albertans and provides them with a secure retirement income for life.
Message from the CEO
It is an honour to write to you today as I reflect on my first year as President and CEO of LAPP Corporation. Since my first day, I have been grateful to know I am a part of an incredible pension plan that serves over 300,000 Albertans and provides them with a secure retirement income for life.
It is also rewarding that in 2023 we were able to celebrate many successes for our members and employers. In a year of considerable economic uncertainty as a result of persistent inflation and slowing global growth, LAPP delivered a solid performance.
The LAPP Fund generated a positive return of 7.6% which saw our fund grow to $63.3 billion at the end of 2023. The December 31, 2022, funding valuation was completed and filed with the regulatory authorities in 2023, which revealed that LAPP’s funded ratio remains healthy at 112%. In other words, the Plan has $1.12 in assets for every $1.00 that is owed in pensions. This is one of the most important indicators of the Plan’s overall financial health and ability to pay pensions, today and in the future.
As we look forward, it is interesting to know that across Canada, there are now more people over the age of 65 than under the age of 14, and, by 2030, one in five people in Canada will be over the age of 65.
Also, it is shocking to know that, according to one survey, 32% of working Canadians have never set aside any money for retirement, which further fuels the belief and concerns about an emerging retirement income crisis.
With that in mind, in 2023 we continued to focus on opportunities to provide pensions to more Albertans and to aid employers — who were still rebounding from the pandemic — with information and tools to attract and retain employees. Last year we welcomed over 18,000 new members and seven new employers into LAPP. Currently 1 in 12 Albertan adults are LAPP members.
As we see the population demographic shift, LAPP Corporation will continue to focus on providing pensions to a growing number of Albertans, an endeavour that we believe will see success by increasing pension plan coverage to more employees, offering them peace of mind and an easy way to save for tomorrow so they can focus on today.
Troy Mann President and Chief Executive Officer LAPP Corporation
Management Discussion and Analysis
Although 2023 was a year marked by economic turbulence and uncertainty around the world, it also served as a catalyst for growth and transformation for LAPP.
Canada’s defined benefit pension plans continued to stand as pillars of financial security and stability for retirees across the nation. LAPP held true to its long-term vision to be Canada’s leading pension plan helping members achieve their retirement goals.
read more
Management Discussion and Analysis (MD&A) overview
LAPP generated positive investment returns of +7.63%, reduced contribution rates for its members and employers, and provided the first 100% Cost-of-Living Adjustment (COLA) to retiree and deferred members in the Plan’s history.
The LAPP Fund’s 10-year annualized return, net of fees, is +7.00% as of December 31, 2023. By comparison, the 10-year policy benchmark return is +6.59%.
Based on the most recent actuarial valuation conducted for funding purposes, the Plan is 112% funded on a going concern funding basis as of December 31, 2022. Furthermore, the number of LAPP employers increased to 444 (437 in 2022), and active, deferred, and retiree membership increased to 304,451 as of the end of 2023 (291,259 in 2022).
Due to prudent investment and funding management policies, LAPP was able to reduce contribution rates for the fifth time in the last seven years, a testament to the Plan’s ongoing strength and stability.
LAPP remains committed to delivering a pension plan which is sustainable and provides long-term value to all stakeholders.
Enterprise Risk Management
Navigating uncertainty is crucial to achieving LAPP Corporation’s vision, mission, and strategic objectives. The Board of Directors understands that prudent management of Corporate and Plan risks is a key success factor.
LAPP Corporation has matured its enterprise risk management program into a more robust and effective system that promotes a strong risk culture. The aim is to further integrate risk management techniques into strategic decision-making processes to achieve long-term goals.
Financial Statement disclosures
The financial statement disclosures reported in this annual report are determined and reported using Canadian accounting standards for pension plans. The financial statement measurements differ from the funding valuation in two material aspects:
The conservatism or margin in the discount rate for funding purposes is removed so that accounting liabilities are measured using a best-estimate discount rate; and
The smoothed value of assets to manage contribution rate volatility for funding purposes is removed, with accounting assets being measured on a market-value basis.
These differences lead to greater volatility of the funded status of the Plan on an accounting versus a funding basis.
Due to the timing of the annual financial statement disclosures, accounting liabilities are measured using prior year membership data, with liability results adjusted to reflect the passage of time.
The ratio of the market value of assets to accounting liabilities has improved to 131% at year-end from 128% at the previous year-end. The improvement in the Plan’s financial position from 2022 to 2023 is primarily due to an increase in the discount rate by 10 basis points along with better-than-expected investment performance.
Plan funding
As part of LAPP’s governance practices, an actuarial funding valuation is conducted each year to monitor the Plan’s ongoing funded ratio and contribution requirement. The actuarial funding valuation must be filed with the pension regulatory authorities at least every three years.
With LAPP’s funded ratio continuing to be strong, a decision was made to file the December 31, 2022, actuarial funding valuation in 2023 — allowing for stable contribution rates for years 2024 through 2026. Contribution rates will only change during this period if an actuarial funding valuation is filed prior to December 31, 2025.
As a jointly sponsored pension plan, which is subject to the Employment Pension Plans Act (Alberta), the contribution requirements are determined using the going concern valuation basis. Through prudent management of the Plan, the going concern funded ratio remains healthy at 112% as of December 31, 2022. This resulted in the Sponsor Board being able to provide a slight reduction to the total contribution rate from 17.72% in 2023 to 17.43% in 2024. The total contribution rate is the total cost as a percentage of pay funded by LAPP members and participating employers combined, where participating employers are required to fund 1% more than members.
The five-year history of the going concern funded ratio and total contribution requirements are shown in the following graph:
For the first time in LAPP’s history, the Sponsor Board approved a one-time Cost-of-Living Adjustment (COLA) enhancement effective January 1, 2024, to all retiree and deferred members. The enhancement increased COLA from 60% to 100% of the increase in the Alberta Consumer Price Index (CPI), which resulted in an increase of 3.90% to monthly pension amounts on January 1, 2024, for members who retired or terminated with a deferred pension prior to 2023.
Active members who retired or terminated with a deferred pension in 2023 received a prorated portion of the 3.90% COLA increase.
Plan Text amendments
The LAPP Plan Text was amended in 2023 for certain housekeeping changes and to introduce a new automatic form of pension for members with a pension partner, which was proposed by a LAPP member on the Sponsor Board’s Plan rule amendments process webpage.
The amendment, which applies to members with a pension partner retiring on or after January 1, 2024, changes the automatic form of pension to a ‘Joint Lifetime Reduced by 1/3 on Member’s Death Only and Guaranteed 5 Years’ — resulting in a higher survivor pension payable to the member should their pension partner pass away first.
The prior automatic form of pension, a ‘Joint Lifetime Reduced by 1/3 on First Death of Member or Pension Partner and Guaranteed 5 Years,’ is now offered as an optional form of pension to members with a pension partner at retirement. More information on this and other pension options available to LAPP members upon retirement can be found at: lapp.ca/page/pension-options
Plan amendment process
At the first meeting of the year, the Sponsor Board considers a list of potential amendments requested by LAPP members, employers, and sponsor organizations as of December 1 of the previous year. The Sponsor Board then decides which requested amendment will undergo further review and be considered at the third-quarter Sponsor Board meeting or a later date if significant additional analysis is required.
As of December 1, 2023, LAPP received four Plan rule amendment requests for the year. The Sponsor Board will review these requests in 2024 with decisions posted to the ‘Plan Rule Amendment Process’ page under the ‘Board Decision’ tab on the LAPP website at: lapp.ca/page/plan-rule-amendment-process
Information on how to make a request for a Plan amendment, as well as proposals under consideration, can also be found on this page.
Management Discussion and Analysis
Although 2023 was a year marked by economic turbulence and uncertainty around the world, it also served as a catalyst for growth and transformation for LAPP.
Canada’s defined benefit pension plans continued to stand as pillars of financial security and stability for retirees across the nation. LAPP held true to its long-term vision to be Canada’s leading pension plan helping members achieve their retirement goals.
read more
Management Discussion and Analysis (MD&A) overview
LAPP generated positive investment returns of +7.63%, reduced contribution rates for its members and employers, and provided the first 100% Cost-of-Living Adjustment (COLA) to retiree and deferred members in the Plan’s history.
The LAPP Fund’s 10-year annualized return, net of fees, is +7.00% as of December 31, 2023. By comparison, the 10-year policy benchmark return is +6.59%.
Based on the most recent actuarial valuation conducted for funding purposes, the Plan is 112% funded on a going concern funding basis as of December 31, 2022. Furthermore, the number of LAPP employers increased to 444 (437 in 2022), and active, deferred, and retiree membership increased to 304,451 as of the end of 2023 (291,259 in 2022).
Due to prudent investment and funding management policies, LAPP was able to reduce contribution rates for the fifth time in the last seven years, a testament to the Plan’s ongoing strength and stability.
LAPP remains committed to delivering a pension plan which is sustainable and provides long-term value to all stakeholders.
Enterprise Risk Management
Navigating uncertainty is crucial to achieving LAPP Corporation’s vision, mission, and strategic objectives. The Board of Directors understands that prudent management of Corporate and Plan risks is a key success factor.
LAPP Corporation has matured its enterprise risk management program into a more robust and effective system that promotes a strong risk culture. The aim is to further integrate risk management techniques into strategic decision-making processes to achieve long-term goals.
Financial Statement disclosures
The financial statement disclosures reported in this annual report are determined and reported using Canadian accounting standards for pension plans. The financial statement measurements differ from the funding valuation in two material aspects:
The conservatism or margin in the discount rate for funding purposes is removed so that accounting liabilities are measured using a best-estimate discount rate; and
The smoothed value of assets to manage contribution rate volatility for funding purposes is removed, with accounting assets being measured on a market-value basis.
These differences lead to greater volatility of the funded status of the Plan on an accounting versus a funding basis.
Due to the timing of the annual financial statement disclosures, accounting liabilities are measured using prior year membership data, with liability results adjusted to reflect the passage of time.
The ratio of the market value of assets to accounting liabilities has improved to 131% at year-end from 128% at the previous year-end. The improvement in the Plan’s financial position from 2022 to 2023 is primarily due to an increase in the discount rate by 10 basis points along with better-than-expected investment performance.
Plan funding
As part of LAPP’s governance practices, an actuarial funding valuation is conducted each year to monitor the Plan’s ongoing funded ratio and contribution requirement. The actuarial funding valuation must be filed with the pension regulatory authorities at least every three years.
With LAPP’s funded ratio continuing to be strong, a decision was made to file the December 31, 2022, actuarial funding valuation in 2023 — allowing for stable contribution rates for years 2024 through 2026. Contribution rates will only change during this period if an actuarial funding valuation is filed prior to December 31, 2025.
As a jointly sponsored pension plan, which is subject to the Employment Pension Plans Act (Alberta), the contribution requirements are determined using the going concern valuation basis. Through prudent management of the Plan, the going concern funded ratio remains healthy at 112% as of December 31, 2022. This resulted in the Sponsor Board being able to provide a slight reduction to the total contribution rate from 17.72% in 2023 to 17.43% in 2024. The total contribution rate is the total cost as a percentage of pay funded by LAPP members and participating employers combined, where participating employers are required to fund 1% more than members.
The five-year history of the going concern funded ratio and total contribution requirements are shown in the following graph:
For the first time in LAPP’s history, the Sponsor Board approved a one-time Cost-of-Living Adjustment (COLA) enhancement effective January 1, 2024, to all retiree and deferred members. The enhancement increased COLA from 60% to 100% of the increase in the Alberta Consumer Price Index (CPI), which resulted in an increase of 3.90% to monthly pension amounts on January 1, 2024, for members who retired or terminated with a deferred pension prior to 2023.
Active members who retired or terminated with a deferred pension in 2023 received a prorated portion of the 3.90% COLA increase.
Plan Text amendments
The LAPP Plan Text was amended in 2023 for certain housekeeping changes and to introduce a new automatic form of pension for members with a pension partner, which was proposed by a LAPP member on the Sponsor Board’s Plan rule amendments process webpage.
The amendment, which applies to members with a pension partner retiring on or after January 1, 2024, changes the automatic form of pension to a ‘Joint Lifetime Reduced by 1/3 on Member’s Death Only and Guaranteed 5 Years’ — resulting in a higher survivor pension payable to the member should their pension partner pass away first.
The prior automatic form of pension, a ‘Joint Lifetime Reduced by 1/3 on First Death of Member or Pension Partner and Guaranteed 5 Years,’ is now offered as an optional form of pension to members with a pension partner at retirement. More information on this and other pension options available to LAPP members upon retirement can be found at: lapp.ca/page/pension-options
Plan amendment process
At the first meeting of the year, the Sponsor Board considers a list of potential amendments requested by LAPP members, employers, and sponsor organizations as of December 1 of the previous year. The Sponsor Board then decides which requested amendment will undergo further review and be considered at the third-quarter Sponsor Board meeting or a later date if significant additional analysis is required.
As of December 1, 2023, LAPP received four Plan rule amendment requests for the year. The Sponsor Board will review these requests in 2024 with decisions posted to the ‘Plan Rule Amendment Process’ page under the ‘Board Decision’ tab on the LAPP website at: lapp.ca/page/plan-rule-amendment-process
Information on how to make a request for a Plan amendment, as well as proposals under consideration, can also be found on this page.
Investment Summary – Plan Performance
In its role as the Administrator of the Plan and Trustee of the Fund, LAPP Corporation develops and maintains an investment policy documented in the Statement of Investment Policies and Procedures (SIPP).
The SIPP establishes investment principles, policy guidelines, and approaches to management of the Plan’s investment assets. Reviewed at least on an annual basis by the LAPP Corporation Board of Directors, the SIPP sets out the Plan’s asset mix, providing a blueprint for the structure of the Plan’s long-term investment strategy.
read more
Investment Policy and Strategic Asset Allocations
Establishing the asset mix of the Plan’s investment Fund, an activity which is also known as strategic asset allocation, is one of the principal responsibilities of LAPP Corporation. Academic studies have shown that the asset mix decision is the most important factor in determining both the level of risk and returns of an investment portfolio. Accordingly, LAPP Corporation invests significant time and resources into strategic asset allocation processes aiming to maximize the Plan’s probability for success over the long term.
The table below provides a summary of LAPP’s asset mix as of December 31, 2023. During the year, target allocations to various Fixed Income asset classes were increased in favour of other risk assets.
Public Equities Total Canadian Equity Total Global-Developed Equity Total Emerging-Markets Equity Small-Cap Equity
33.5%
25.0% - 5.0% - -
55.0% 15.0% 40.0% 10.0% 10.0%
32.9% 6.2% 16.4% 5.1% 5.2%
34.4% 7.0% 17.8% 4.9% 4.9%
Private Equity
6.0%
3.0%
9.0%
6.6%
6.5%
Inflation Sensitive & Alternatives Absolute Return Strategies Real Estate Canadian Real Estate Foreign Real Estate Infrastructure Renewable Resources
30.5%
20.0% - 10.0% - - 10.0% -
50.0% 6.0% 25.0% 13.0% 10.0% 25.0% 6.0%
32.7% 1.3% 13.2% 7.8% 5.4% 15.1% 3.1%
32.2% - 15.4% 8.9% 6.5% 14.2% 2.9%
Strategic Opportunities, Tactical Allocations, and Currency Hedges
-
-
-
0.1%
0.2%
Total
100%
100%
100%
Investment Management Structure
Alberta Investment Management Corporation (AIMCo) is, by legislation, the sole provider of investment management services to LAPP. AIMCo is an Alberta Crown Corporation and forms part of Alberta’s Ministry of Treasury Board and Finance — for which the President of Treasury Board and Minister of Finance is responsible.
LAPP Corporation carries out monitoring and oversight of AIMCo’s investment management activities to ensure that investment of the Plan’s assets is consistent with the direction set out by the SIPP.
LAPP’s monitoring and oversight program includes the Board’s review of investment performance risk, AIMCo’s compliance with the SIPP including the Responsible Investing policy sections, and investment cost reports, along with other processes directed to ensure the effectiveness of the investment program implemented by AIMCo on behalf of LAPP.
2023 Market Commentary
While the Plan’s 2023 absolute investment performance was ultimately positive, the path was, at times, volatile. After a challenging 2022 that witnessed a rare, simultaneous double-digit decline in both publicly traded stocks (equities) and bonds (fixed income), expectations at the outset of 2023 were modest.
Similar to 2022, global central banks remained dedicated to reigning in inflation through tighter monetary policy and higher policy interest rates. Many major economies were bracing for economic slowdowns accompanied by the fear of a possible economic recession.
Elevated bond yields, which were reflective of the prevailing inflationary environment, directly contributed to the failure of several large US regional banks by July.
Hoping that troubles in the banking sector might provide sufficient motivation for the US Federal Reserve to reverse course on its rate-hiking, inflation-fighting agenda, stock markets rallied into midsummer.
Due to measures undertaken by regulatory authorities, further systemic challenges in the banking sector were largely contained. This was positive for the wider economy, and allowed the Federal Reserve to continue its focus on inflation.
By August, markets seemed to take notice and became concerned that the possibility of higher interest rates for longer was back. As investors grappled with the uncertainty, stocks and bonds struggled through the end of October.
Examining data throughout 2023, global inflation was responding to the strong measures taken by global central banks and climbed down significantly from the generationally high rates experienced just a year before.
Although inflation rates in all G7 countries were still higher than stated target bands (generally, 1% to 3%) or point targets (2%) by November, the figures nevertheless showed that sufficient progress had been made and there was reasonable optimism about policy interest rates going down in 2024.
By the time the Federal Reserve confirmed this view at its December meeting, public stock and bond markets were already in the midst of a strong year-end rally.
Moreover, 2023 was the year that Artificial Intelligence (AI) captured the collective imagination of the general public, and excitement around significant technological innovation was an additional compelling force behind the positive momentum of stock markets.
In the US, the spectacular performance of the Magnificent Seven large technology stocks — namely, Microsoft, Apple, Nvidia, Alphabet (Google), Amazon, Meta (Facebook), and Tesla — propelled the US S&P 500 Index to a remarkable +26.29% return for the year in US dollars.
The global MSCI World Index, which is heavily weighted in US stocks, returned +20.47% in Canadian dollars while the Canadian S&P/TSX Capped Composite Index returned +11.75%.
Bonds also ended 2023 in positive territory despite unusual levels of in-year volatility. The FTSE Canada Universe Bond Index returned a respectable +6.69% and the FTSE Canada Long Term Government Bond Index performed even better, with a +8.79% return.
2023 was a good year in the markets although economic and geopolitical challenges are ever-present. LAPP’s highly diversified portfolio should enable the Fund to continue to weather shorter-term volatility and deliver satisfactory results over the long-term.
More specific aspects of the performance of LAPP’s investment portfolio are described in the following sections.
LAPP Fund Performance Highlights
As of December 31, 2023, the Plan’s investment portfolio was valued at $63.3 billion. This is an increase of approximately $4.6 billion from a year ago, when the Fund was valued at $58.7 billion.
For the year ended December 31, 2023, the total LAPP Fund generated a positive return of +7.63%, net of fees, underperforming the Plan’s policy benchmark return of +8.98% by -1.35%.
The Private Infrastructure and Real Estate asset classes, both of which are classified under Inflation Sensitive and Alternatives, were the largest contributors to the Plan’s negative relative performance against its policy benchmark during the year.
On an absolute basis, the best performing asset classes in 2023 were Public Equities and Private Equities. The poorest performing asset class on an absolute basis was Real Estate, which continued to struggle in a market environment characterized by higher interest rates and industry-specific post-pandemic circumstances that include the accelerated rate of change in work and shopping practices that have negatively affected the pricing and transaction volumes in the office and retail subsectors of real estate.
On a four-year annualized basis, the Plan’s investment portfolio returned +5.30%, net of fees, outperforming the Plan’s policy benchmark return of +4.61% by +0.69%.
For reference, according to the LAPP SIPP, active portfolio management is expected to generate excess return for the LAPP Fund of +0.50%, net of fees, over the return of its policy benchmark, on a four-year annualized basis.
Long-term investment return expectation
In 2023, for funding purposes, the expected long-term investment return (net of fees) of the total LAPP Fund was assumed to be +6.40% per annum.
Over the past 10 years, LAPP’s actual annualized return, net of fees, was +7.00%. Throughout this decade, employer and member contribution rates have declined significantly while the Plan’s funded ratio has grown stronger.
Investment Summary – Plan Performance
In its role as the Administrator of the Plan and Trustee of the Fund, LAPP Corporation develops and maintains an investment policy documented in the Statement of Investment Policies and Procedures (SIPP).
The SIPP establishes investment principles, policy guidelines, and approaches to management of the Plan’s investment assets. Reviewed at least on an annual basis by the LAPP Corporation Board of Directors, the SIPP sets out the Plan’s asset mix, providing a blueprint for the structure of the Plan’s long-term investment strategy.
read more
Investment Policy and Strategic Asset Allocations
Establishing the asset mix of the Plan’s investment Fund, an activity which is also known as strategic asset allocation, is one of the principal responsibilities of LAPP Corporation. Academic studies have shown that the asset mix decision is the most important factor in determining both the level of risk and returns of an investment portfolio. Accordingly, LAPP Corporation invests significant time and resources into strategic asset allocation processes aiming to maximize the Plan’s probability for success over the long term.
The table below provides a summary of LAPP’s asset mix as of December 31, 2023. During the year, target allocations to various Fixed Income asset classes were increased in favour of other risk assets.
Public Equities Total Canadian Equity Total Global-Developed Equity Total Emerging-Markets Equity Small-Cap Equity
33.5%
25.0% - 5.0% - -
55.0% 15.0% 40.0% 10.0% 10.0%
32.9% 6.2% 16.4% 5.1% 5.2%
34.4% 7.0% 17.8% 4.9% 4.9%
Private Equity
6.0%
3.0%
9.0%
6.6%
6.5%
Inflation Sensitive & Alternatives Absolute Return Strategies Real Estate Canadian Real Estate Foreign Real Estate Infrastructure Renewable Resources
30.5%
20.0% - 10.0% - - 10.0% -
50.0% 6.0% 25.0% 13.0% 10.0% 25.0% 6.0%
32.7% 1.3% 13.2% 7.8% 5.4% 15.1% 3.1%
32.2% - 15.4% 8.9% 6.5% 14.2% 2.9%
Strategic Opportunities, Tactical Allocations, and Currency Hedges
-
-
-
0.1%
0.2%
Total
100%
100%
100%
Investment Management Structure
Alberta Investment Management Corporation (AIMCo) is, by legislation, the sole provider of investment management services to LAPP. AIMCo is an Alberta Crown Corporation and forms part of Alberta’s Ministry of Treasury Board and Finance — for which the President of Treasury Board and Minister of Finance is responsible.
LAPP Corporation carries out monitoring and oversight of AIMCo’s investment management activities to ensure that investment of the Plan’s assets is consistent with the direction set out by the SIPP.
LAPP’s monitoring and oversight program includes the Board’s review of investment performance risk, AIMCo’s compliance with the SIPP including the Responsible Investing policy sections, and investment cost reports, along with other processes directed to ensure the effectiveness of the investment program implemented by AIMCo on behalf of LAPP.
2023 Market Commentary
While the Plan’s 2023 absolute investment performance was ultimately positive, the path was, at times, volatile. After a challenging 2022 that witnessed a rare, simultaneous double-digit decline in both publicly traded stocks (equities) and bonds (fixed income), expectations at the outset of 2023 were modest.
Similar to 2022, global central banks remained dedicated to reigning in inflation through tighter monetary policy and higher policy interest rates. Many major economies were bracing for economic slowdowns accompanied by the fear of a possible economic recession.
Elevated bond yields, which were reflective of the prevailing inflationary environment, directly contributed to the failure of several large US regional banks by July.
Hoping that troubles in the banking sector might provide sufficient motivation for the US Federal Reserve to reverse course on its rate-hiking, inflation-fighting agenda, stock markets rallied into midsummer.
Due to measures undertaken by regulatory authorities, further systemic challenges in the banking sector were largely contained. This was positive for the wider economy, and allowed the Federal Reserve to continue its focus on inflation.
By August, markets seemed to take notice and became concerned that the possibility of higher interest rates for longer was back. As investors grappled with the uncertainty, stocks and bonds struggled through the end of October.
Examining data throughout 2023, global inflation was responding to the strong measures taken by global central banks and climbed down significantly from the generationally high rates experienced just a year before.
Although inflation rates in all G7 countries were still higher than stated target bands (generally, 1% to 3%) or point targets (2%) by November, the figures nevertheless showed that sufficient progress had been made and there was reasonable optimism about policy interest rates going down in 2024.
By the time the Federal Reserve confirmed this view at its December meeting, public stock and bond markets were already in the midst of a strong year-end rally.
Moreover, 2023 was the year that Artificial Intelligence (AI) captured the collective imagination of the general public, and excitement around significant technological innovation was an additional compelling force behind the positive momentum of stock markets.
In the US, the spectacular performance of the Magnificent Seven large technology stocks — namely, Microsoft, Apple, Nvidia, Alphabet (Google), Amazon, Meta (Facebook), and Tesla — propelled the US S&P 500 Index to a remarkable +26.29% return for the year in US dollars.
The global MSCI World Index, which is heavily weighted in US stocks, returned +20.47% in Canadian dollars while the Canadian S&P/TSX Capped Composite Index returned +11.75%.
Bonds also ended 2023 in positive territory despite unusual levels of in-year volatility. The FTSE Canada Universe Bond Index returned a respectable +6.69% and the FTSE Canada Long Term Government Bond Index performed even better, with a +8.79% return.
2023 was a good year in the markets although economic and geopolitical challenges are ever-present. LAPP’s highly diversified portfolio should enable the Fund to continue to weather shorter-term volatility and deliver satisfactory results over the long-term.
More specific aspects of the performance of LAPP’s investment portfolio are described in the following sections.
LAPP Fund Performance Highlights
As of December 31, 2023, the Plan’s investment portfolio was valued at $63.3 billion. This is an increase of approximately $4.6 billion from a year ago, when the Fund was valued at $58.7 billion.
For the year ended December 31, 2023, the total LAPP Fund generated a positive return of +7.63%, net of fees, underperforming the Plan’s policy benchmark return of +8.98% by -1.35%.
The Private Infrastructure and Real Estate asset classes, both of which are classified under Inflation Sensitive and Alternatives, were the largest contributors to the Plan’s negative relative performance against its policy benchmark during the year.
On an absolute basis, the best performing asset classes in 2023 were Public Equities and Private Equities. The poorest performing asset class on an absolute basis was Real Estate, which continued to struggle in a market environment characterized by higher interest rates and industry-specific post-pandemic circumstances that include the accelerated rate of change in work and shopping practices that have negatively affected the pricing and transaction volumes in the office and retail subsectors of real estate.
On a four-year annualized basis, the Plan’s investment portfolio returned +5.30%, net of fees, outperforming the Plan’s policy benchmark return of +4.61% by +0.69%.
For reference, according to the LAPP SIPP, active portfolio management is expected to generate excess return for the LAPP Fund of +0.50%, net of fees, over the return of its policy benchmark, on a four-year annualized basis.
Long-term investment return expectation
In 2023, for funding purposes, the expected long-term investment return (net of fees) of the total LAPP Fund was assumed to be +6.40% per annum.
Over the past 10 years, LAPP’s actual annualized return, net of fees, was +7.00%. Throughout this decade, employer and member contribution rates have declined significantly while the Plan’s funded ratio has grown stronger.
Investment Summary – Performance By Asset Class
LAPP’s total portfolio of assets is segmented into four general asset class categories: Fixed Income, Inflation Sensitive and Alternatives, Public Equities, and Private Equities. The returns of each asset class category and its underlying asset classes contribute to the overall return of the Fund — a table with return details on each asset class category and each individual asset class, as well as additional commentary, follows below.
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Table of Investment Returns (December 31, 2023):
Asset/Sub-asset category Benchmark
Fair Value
Asset Mix
Annual Returns
Compound Annualized Return 4-Year
2023
2022
2021
2020
Fund Policy
$63,195.8M -
100.0% -
7.63% 8.98%
(4.95%) (6.71%)
14.96% 7.58%
4.53% 9.46%
5.30% 4.61%
Fixed Income1 Fixed-Income Index
$17,486.0M -
27.7% -
8.52% 8.47%
(12.29%) (13.00%)
(2.36%) (3.65%)
10.95% 10.21%
0.77% 0.05%
Money Market2 FTSE Canada 30-Day T-Bill Index Universe Bonds FTSE Canada Universe Bond Index Private Mortgages Private-Mortgages Benchmark3 Private Debt and Loan Private Debt & Loan Benchmark4 Long Bonds FTSE Canada Long-Term Gov't Bond Index
Inflation Sensitive and Alternatives Inflation Sensitive and Alternative Index
$20,672.4M -
32.7% -
(1.02%) 2.43%
11.25% 4.11%
16.64% 7.46%
(8.40%) 1.62%
4.15% 3.88%
Real Estate Combined Real Estate Benchmark5 Infrastructure CPI + 4.5% (5-year rolling average) Renewable Resources CPI + 4.5% (5-year rolling average) Absolute Return Strategies Absolute Return Index
$8,372.4M - $9,512.7M - $1,978.0M - $809.3M -
13.2% - 15.1% - 3.1%
1.3% -
(7.37%) (4.05%) 3.88% 8.03% 2.66% 8.03% - -
4.25% 0.98% 18.51% 7.74% 21.53% 7.74% - -
14.52% 7.99% 20.47% 6.82% 11.27% 6.82% - -
(13.12%) (2.25%) (2.32%) 6.11% (5.45%) 6.11% - -
(1.00%) 0.56% 9.71% 7.17% 7.03% 7.17% - -
Public Equities1 Public Equities Index
$20,764.1M -
32.9% -
15.77% 15.62%
(9.57%) (11.08%)
22.61% 17.73%
4.62% 12.98%
7.65% 8.14%
Canadian Equity2 S&P/TSX Capped Composite Index Global Equity MSCI World Index($C) Emerging Markets Equity MSCI Emerging Markets Index Small Cap Equity MSCI World Small Cap Index
1 Includes notional adjustments. 2 Money Market return is affected by a timing mismatch of accrued income and market values; as such, cash returns are represented by geometrically linking Consolidated Cash Income Trust Fund (CCITF) pool returns up to and including October 2, 2022, with MMP returns on and after October 3, 2022. 3 Combined benchmark is 60% FTSE Canada Short-Term Overall Bond Index & 40% FTSE Canada Mid-Term Overall Bond Index + 50 bps as of January 1, 2021. Prior to January 1, 2021, the index was the FTSE Canada Universe Bond Index. 4 Combined benchmark is 40% US Leveraged Loan Index + 40% European Leveraged Loan Index + 90 bps (Hedged to CAD) since January 1, 2022. Prior to January 1, 2022, asset class benchmark was FTSE Canada Short Term Overall Index. 5 A blend of the MSCI REALpac Canadian All Property Index -Large Institutional Subset and MSCI Global Region Property Index.
Fixed Income
As of December 31, 2023, the Plan’s exposure to Fixed Income was $17.6 billion or 27.7% of the total Fund. This compares to Fixed Income exposure of $15.4 billion or 26.5% of the total Fund as of December 31, 2022.
In 2023, the Plan’s Fixed Income investments returned +8.52%, outperforming the combined Fixed Income policy benchmark return of +8.47% by +0.05%. On a four-year annualized basis, Fixed Income returned +0.77%, outperforming the combined policy benchmark return of +0.05% by +0.72% (after rounding).
For the year, LAPP’s Fixed Income investments benefited from being long both in duration and credit sensitivity, especially as yields fell sharply and credit spreads narrowed during the last quarter of the year. For the underlying publicly traded Fixed Income asset classes, returns were positive on both an absolute and relative basis: Long Bonds generated a return of +9.65% (versus +8.79% for its respective policy benchmark), Universe Bonds +7.73% (versus +6.69% for the policy benchmark), and Money Market +4.94% (versus +4.77% for the policy benchmark).
Exposure to floating rates helped drive high single-digit returns for LAPP’s Private Debt and Loan investments (+9.55% return for 2023 versus +11.85% return for the policy benchmark). The Plan’s Private Mortgages investments navigated a challenging environment for real estate borrowers but still generated mid-single digit returns (+4.50% return for 2023 versus +6.00% return for the policy benchmark).
Inflation Sensitive and Alternative Investments
Inflation Sensitive and Alternatives refers to the Plan’s investments in Real Estate, Private Infrastructure, Renewable Resources, and Absolute Return Strategies.
As of December 31, 2023, the Plan’s exposure to Inflation Sensitive and Alternatives was $20.7 billion or 32.7% of the total fund. This compares to Inflation Sensitive and Alternatives exposure of $18.9 billion or 32.4% of the total Fund as of December 31, 2022.
In 2023, Inflation Sensitive and Alternatives returned -1.02%, underperforming the combined Inflation Sensitive and Alternatives policy benchmark return of +2.43% by -3.45% after rounding. On a four-year annualized basis, Inflation Sensitive and Alternatives returned +4.15%, outperforming the combined policy benchmark return of +3.88% by +0.27%.
Conditions for real estate in 2023 continued to be challenging, and LAPP’s Real Estate investments were not immune to wider market forces. Another year of adjustment to post-pandemic dynamics and rising capitalization rates made for difficult valuations.
For 2023, the Plan’s Real Estate exposure, which includes exposure to both Canadian and Foreign Real Estate, had an aggregated return of -7.37%, underperforming the Real Estate policy benchmark return of -4.05% by -3.32% after rounding. On a four-year annualized basis, Real Estate returned -1.00%, underperforming the policy benchmark return of +0.56% by -1.56%.
In Private Infrastructure, valuations were mixed as some investments experienced valuation increases based on strong operating performance while others declined significantly due to a combination of higher rates, changing market conditions, and challenges associated with post-pandemic readjustment.
Additionally, the CPI-based benchmark for the asset class proved to be a difficult hurdle to clear in a higher inflation environment. For the year, the Plan’s Private Infrastructure exposure returned +3.88%, underperforming the Private Infrastructure policy benchmark return of +8.03% by -4.15%. On a four-year annualized basis, Private Infrastructure returned +9.71%, outperforming the policy benchmark return of +7.17% by +2.54%.
Public Equities
As of December 31, 2023, the Plan’s exposure to Public Equities was $20.3 billion or 32.9% of the total Fund. This compares to Public Equities exposure of $20.2 billion or 34.5% of the total Fund as of December 31, 2022.
In 2023, LAPP’s Public Equities investments returned +15.77%, outperforming the combined Public Equities policy benchmark return of +15.62% by +0.15%. On a four-year annualized basis, Public Equities returned +7.65%, underperforming the combined policy benchmark return of +8.14% by -0.49%.
Most major global stock markets performed strongly in 2023 despite pessimism related to restrictive central bank policy, slowing economic growth expectations, and geopolitical risks. In general, developed markets outperformed emerging markets, and large companies performed better than small companies, both of which are continuations of prevalent themes over the last several years.
For the underlying asset classes in LAPP’s Public Equities exposure, returns were positive on both an absolute and relative basis: Canadian Equity generated a return of +12.16% (versus +11.78% for its respective policy benchmark), Global-Developed Equity +20.71% (versus +20.47% for the policy benchmark), Emerging-Markets Equity +7.71% (versus +6.88% for the policy benchmark), and Small-Cap Equity +12.88% (versus +12.65% for the policy benchmark).
Private Equities
As of December 31, 2023, the Plan’s exposure to Private Equities was $4.7 billion or 7.4% of the total Fund. This compares to Private Equities exposure of $3.8 billion or 6.5% of the total Fund as of December 31, 2022.
Elevated inflation, higher interest rates, and uncertainty around economic growth all negatively affected the deal-making environment within the private equity industry in 2023. In the face of these challenges, the performance of the Plan’s Private Equities investments nevertheless remained resilient, supported by favourable valuations in the portfolio.
In 2023, LAPP’s Private Equities investments returned +9.66%, underperforming the combined Private Equities policy benchmark return of +10.03% by -0.37%. On a four-year annualized basis, Private Equities returned +20.35%, outperforming the policy benchmark return of +9.17% by +11.18%.
Proxy Voting
The LAPP Board recognizes proxy voting as a key element of prudent investing and believes that thoughtful voting contributes to optimizing the long-term value of investments. The Board delegates the proxy voting function to AIMCo. AIMCo’s proxy voting policy and processes integrate the use of an independent adviser that specializes in providing proxy-related services to institutional investors.
AIMCo has discretion to either review and follow recommendations of the external proxy service provider or to make independent proxy decisions in line with AIMCo’s proxy voting policy.
Responsible Investing
To the extent that environmental, social, and corporate governance factors materially impact the value of, and risk environment, surrounding the Plan’s investments, the LAPP Board believes that thoughtful consideration of such factors and material risks affecting the Plan should be appropriately managed.
LAPP maintains a Responsible Investment (RI) Policy and acknowledges that AIMCo is a signatory to the Principles for Responsible Investment (PRI). LAPP’s RI Policy outlines the roles of LAPP Corporation and AIMCo as they pertain to RI and sets parameters around the Board’s oversight of AIMCo’s RI activities and carbon footprint reporting responsibilities. LAPP’s RI Policy is reviewed and approved by the Board on a periodic basis.
Investment Summary – Performance By Asset Class
LAPP’s total portfolio of assets is segmented into four general asset class categories: Fixed Income, Inflation Sensitive and Alternatives, Public Equities, and Private Equities. The returns of each asset class category and its underlying asset classes contribute to the overall return of the Fund — a table with return details on each asset class category and each individual asset class, as well as additional commentary, follows below.
read more
Table of Investment Returns (December 31, 2023):
Asset/Sub-asset category Benchmark
Fair Value
Asset Mix
Annual Returns
Compound Annualized Return 4-Year
2023
2022
2021
2020
Fund Policy
$63,195.8M -
100.0% -
7.63% 8.98%
(4.95%) (6.71%)
14.96% 7.58%
4.53% 9.46%
5.30% 4.61%
Fixed Income1 Fixed-Income Index
$17,486.0M -
27.7% -
8.52% 8.47%
(12.29%) (13.00%)
(2.36%) (3.65%)
10.95% 10.21%
0.77% 0.05%
Money Market2 FTSE Canada 30-Day T-Bill Index Universe Bonds FTSE Canada Universe Bond Index Private Mortgages Private-Mortgages Benchmark3 Private Debt and Loan Private Debt & Loan Benchmark4 Long Bonds FTSE Canada Long-Term Gov't Bond Index
Inflation Sensitive and Alternatives Inflation Sensitive and Alternative Index
$20,672.4M -
32.7% -
(1.02%) 2.43%
11.25% 4.11%
16.64% 7.46%
(8.40%) 1.62%
4.15% 3.88%
Real Estate Combined Real Estate Benchmark5 Infrastructure CPI + 4.5% (5-year rolling average) Renewable Resources CPI + 4.5% (5-year rolling average) Absolute Return Strategies Absolute Return Index
$8,372.4M - $9,512.7M - $1,978.0M - $809.3M -
13.2% - 15.1% - 3.1%
1.3% -
(7.37%) (4.05%) 3.88% 8.03% 2.66% 8.03% - -
4.25% 0.98% 18.51% 7.74% 21.53% 7.74% - -
14.52% 7.99% 20.47% 6.82% 11.27% 6.82% - -
(13.12%) (2.25%) (2.32%) 6.11% (5.45%) 6.11% - -
(1.00%) 0.56% 9.71% 7.17% 7.03% 7.17% - -
Public Equities1 Public Equities Index
$20,764.1M -
32.9% -
15.77% 15.62%
(9.57%) (11.08%)
22.61% 17.73%
4.62% 12.98%
7.65% 8.14%
Canadian Equity2 S&P/TSX Capped Composite Index Global Equity MSCI World Index($C) Emerging Markets Equity MSCI Emerging Markets Index Small Cap Equity MSCI World Small Cap Index
1 Includes notional adjustments. 2 Money Market return is affected by a timing mismatch of accrued income and market values; as such, cash returns are represented by geometrically linking Consolidated Cash Income Trust Fund (CCITF) pool returns up to and including October 2, 2022, with MMP returns on and after October 3, 2022. 3 Combined benchmark is 60% FTSE Canada Short-Term Overall Bond Index & 40% FTSE Canada Mid-Term Overall Bond Index + 50 bps as of January 1, 2021. Prior to January 1, 2021, the index was the FTSE Canada Universe Bond Index. 4 Combined benchmark is 40% US Leveraged Loan Index + 40% European Leveraged Loan Index + 90 bps (Hedged to CAD) since January 1, 2022. Prior to January 1, 2022, asset class benchmark was FTSE Canada Short Term Overall Index. 5 A blend of the MSCI REALpac Canadian All Property Index -Large Institutional Subset and MSCI Global Region Property Index.
Fixed Income
As of December 31, 2023, the Plan’s exposure to Fixed Income was $17.6 billion or 27.7% of the total Fund. This compares to Fixed Income exposure of $15.4 billion or 26.5% of the total Fund as of December 31, 2022.
In 2023, the Plan’s Fixed Income investments returned +8.52%, outperforming the combined Fixed Income policy benchmark return of +8.47% by +0.05%. On a four-year annualized basis, Fixed Income returned +0.77%, outperforming the combined policy benchmark return of +0.05% by +0.72% (after rounding).
For the year, LAPP’s Fixed Income investments benefited from being long both in duration and credit sensitivity, especially as yields fell sharply and credit spreads narrowed during the last quarter of the year. For the underlying publicly traded Fixed Income asset classes, returns were positive on both an absolute and relative basis: Long Bonds generated a return of +9.65% (versus +8.79% for its respective policy benchmark), Universe Bonds +7.73% (versus +6.69% for the policy benchmark), and Money Market +4.94% (versus +4.77% for the policy benchmark).
Exposure to floating rates helped drive high single-digit returns for LAPP’s Private Debt and Loan investments (+9.55% return for 2023 versus +11.85% return for the policy benchmark). The Plan’s Private Mortgages investments navigated a challenging environment for real estate borrowers but still generated mid-single digit returns (+4.50% return for 2023 versus +6.00% return for the policy benchmark).
Inflation Sensitive and Alternative Investments
Inflation Sensitive and Alternatives refers to the Plan’s investments in Real Estate, Private Infrastructure, Renewable Resources, and Absolute Return Strategies.
As of December 31, 2023, the Plan’s exposure to Inflation Sensitive and Alternatives was $20.7 billion or 32.7% of the total fund. This compares to Inflation Sensitive and Alternatives exposure of $18.9 billion or 32.4% of the total Fund as of December 31, 2022.
In 2023, Inflation Sensitive and Alternatives returned -1.02%, underperforming the combined Inflation Sensitive and Alternatives policy benchmark return of +2.43% by -3.45% after rounding. On a four-year annualized basis, Inflation Sensitive and Alternatives returned +4.15%, outperforming the combined policy benchmark return of +3.88% by +0.27%.
Conditions for real estate in 2023 continued to be challenging, and LAPP’s Real Estate investments were not immune to wider market forces. Another year of adjustment to post-pandemic dynamics and rising capitalization rates made for difficult valuations.
For 2023, the Plan’s Real Estate exposure, which includes exposure to both Canadian and Foreign Real Estate, had an aggregated return of -7.37%, underperforming the Real Estate policy benchmark return of -4.05% by -3.32% after rounding. On a four-year annualized basis, Real Estate returned -1.00%, underperforming the policy benchmark return of +0.56% by -1.56%.
In Private Infrastructure, valuations were mixed as some investments experienced valuation increases based on strong operating performance while others declined significantly due to a combination of higher rates, changing market conditions, and challenges associated with post-pandemic readjustment.
Additionally, the CPI-based benchmark for the asset class proved to be a difficult hurdle to clear in a higher inflation environment. For the year, the Plan’s Private Infrastructure exposure returned +3.88%, underperforming the Private Infrastructure policy benchmark return of +8.03% by -4.15%. On a four-year annualized basis, Private Infrastructure returned +9.71%, outperforming the policy benchmark return of +7.17% by +2.54%.
Public Equities
As of December 31, 2023, the Plan’s exposure to Public Equities was $20.3 billion or 32.9% of the total Fund. This compares to Public Equities exposure of $20.2 billion or 34.5% of the total Fund as of December 31, 2022.
In 2023, LAPP’s Public Equities investments returned +15.77%, outperforming the combined Public Equities policy benchmark return of +15.62% by +0.15%. On a four-year annualized basis, Public Equities returned +7.65%, underperforming the combined policy benchmark return of +8.14% by -0.49%.
Most major global stock markets performed strongly in 2023 despite pessimism related to restrictive central bank policy, slowing economic growth expectations, and geopolitical risks. In general, developed markets outperformed emerging markets, and large companies performed better than small companies, both of which are continuations of prevalent themes over the last several years.
For the underlying asset classes in LAPP’s Public Equities exposure, returns were positive on both an absolute and relative basis: Canadian Equity generated a return of +12.16% (versus +11.78% for its respective policy benchmark), Global-Developed Equity +20.71% (versus +20.47% for the policy benchmark), Emerging-Markets Equity +7.71% (versus +6.88% for the policy benchmark), and Small-Cap Equity +12.88% (versus +12.65% for the policy benchmark).
Private Equities
As of December 31, 2023, the Plan’s exposure to Private Equities was $4.7 billion or 7.4% of the total Fund. This compares to Private Equities exposure of $3.8 billion or 6.5% of the total Fund as of December 31, 2022.
Elevated inflation, higher interest rates, and uncertainty around economic growth all negatively affected the deal-making environment within the private equity industry in 2023. In the face of these challenges, the performance of the Plan’s Private Equities investments nevertheless remained resilient, supported by favourable valuations in the portfolio.
In 2023, LAPP’s Private Equities investments returned +9.66%, underperforming the combined Private Equities policy benchmark return of +10.03% by -0.37%. On a four-year annualized basis, Private Equities returned +20.35%, outperforming the policy benchmark return of +9.17% by +11.18%.
Proxy Voting
The LAPP Board recognizes proxy voting as a key element of prudent investing and believes that thoughtful voting contributes to optimizing the long-term value of investments. The Board delegates the proxy voting function to AIMCo. AIMCo’s proxy voting policy and processes integrate the use of an independent adviser that specializes in providing proxy-related services to institutional investors.
AIMCo has discretion to either review and follow recommendations of the external proxy service provider or to make independent proxy decisions in line with AIMCo’s proxy voting policy.
Responsible Investing
To the extent that environmental, social, and corporate governance factors materially impact the value of, and risk environment, surrounding the Plan’s investments, the LAPP Board believes that thoughtful consideration of such factors and material risks affecting the Plan should be appropriately managed.
LAPP maintains a Responsible Investment (RI) Policy and acknowledges that AIMCo is a signatory to the Principles for Responsible Investment (PRI). LAPP’s RI Policy outlines the roles of LAPP Corporation and AIMCo as they pertain to RI and sets parameters around the Board’s oversight of AIMCo’s RI activities and carbon footprint reporting responsibilities. LAPP’s RI Policy is reviewed and approved by the Board on a periodic basis.